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scots pine
Scots pine (''Pinus sylvestris'' L.) is a species of pine that is native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains and Anatolia, and north to well inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia. In the north of its range, it occurs from sea level to 1,000 m, while in the south of its range it is a high altitude mountain tree, growing at altitude. It is readily identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark.〔Farjon, A. (2005). ''Pines Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus'' 2nd ed. Brill ISBN 90-04-13916-8.〕〔Gymnosperm Database: (''Pinus sylvestris'' )〕〔Trees for Life: (Species profile: Scots pine )〕〔Mirov, N. T. (1967). ''The Genus Pinus''. Ronald Press.〕
==Botany==
''Pinus sylvestris'' is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 35 m in height and 1 m trunk diameter when mature, exceptionally to tall and trunk diameter and on very productive sites (in Estonia, there are some 220-year-old trees that are tall in the forests of Järvselja). The bark is thick, scaly dark grey-brown on the lower trunk, and thin, flaky and orange on the upper trunk and branches. The habit of the mature tree is distinctive due to its long, bare and straight trunk topped by a rounded or flat-topped mass of foliage. The lifespan is normally 150–300 years, with the oldest recorded specimens in Lapland, Northern Finland over 760 years.〔〔〔〔Steven, H. M., & Carlisle, A. (1959, facsimile reprint 1996). ''The Native Pinewoods of Scotland''. Castlepoint Press.〕
The shoots are light brown, with a spirally arranged scale-like pattern. On mature trees the leaves ('needles') are a glaucous blue-green, often darker green to dark yellow-green in winter, long and broad, produced in fascicles of two with a persistent grey basal sheath. On vigorous young trees the leaves can be twice as long, and occasionally occur in fascicles of three or four on the tips of strong shoots. Leaf persistence varies from two to four years in warmer climates, and up to nine years in subarctic regions. Seedlings up to one year old bear juvenile leaves; these are single (not in pairs), 2–3 cm long, flattened, with a serrated margin.〔〔〔
The seed cones are red at pollination, then pale brown, globose and diameter in their first year, expanding to full size in their second year, pointed ovoid-conic, green, then grey-green to yellow-brown at maturity, long. The cone scales have a flat to pyramidal apophysis, with a small prickle on the umbo. The seeds are blackish, 3–5 mm in length with a pale brown wing and are released when the cones open in spring 22–24 months after pollination. The pollen cones are yellow, occasionally pink, long; pollen release is in mid to late spring.〔〔〔
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